Gout | Mate waikawa kai kōiwi

Gout (mate waikawa kai kōiwi) is a type of long-term inflammatory arthritis. Gout causes sudden, severe joint pain and swelling, especially in your toes and fingers. See your healthcare team for treatment to help during an attack and to stop further attacks.

On this page, you can find the following information:

Key points

  1. Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis. It's caused by a build-up of uric acid in joints which is often very painful. 
  2. Most Māori and Pasifika have genes that stop their kidneys getting rid of uric acid in their urine.
  3. If your kidneys can't get rid of uric acid, it turns into crystals in your joints which cause a painful gout attack. Once the pain goes away the crystals remain in the joints.
  4. If you don't treat your high levels of uric acid, the crystals can cause permanent damage to your joints and harm to your kidneys.
  5. The only way to help your body get rid of uric acid and dissolve the crystals in your joints is to take long-term uric acid medicines.
  6. Gout is not your fault. There is no shame in having gout, and no need to blame yourself. Remember it's your genes that stop your kidneys getting rid of uric acid.

Gout and wellbeing

Gout is a long-term condition and the most common form of inflammatory arthritis. If you don’t get the long-term uric acid medicine you need to reduce your levels of uric acid, you will keep on having gout attacks (flares).

Gout attacks (flares) are painful and stressful. They can affect your mental health, wellbeing and relationships. You may find it difficult to spend time with your whānau and friends as well as attend social events. Working can be difficult and this can affect your income. With treatment, your levels of uric acid can be reduced, and you’ll no longer suffer from those painful gout attacks. You’ll be able to be more active, have less pain and do the things you weren’t able to before.

Facts about gout


(Health Navigator, 2022)

What are the symptoms of gout attacks?

  • A gout attack usually begins suddenly, often at night. Within hours, the joint can become red, swollen, hot and very painful. People with gout often describe the pain as the worst pain they have ever felt.
  • The joint most commonly affected is the big toe. Gout can also affect other joints in your foot, your knee and your fingers, wrists and elbows.
  • The pain and tenderness can be so severe that even gentle pressure from a bedsheet is a problem. Even if only one small joint is affected, the inflammation can be intense enough to cause fever and muscle aches.
  • An attack usually lasts for 5–10 days but in rare cases, an attack can last for weeks. 
  • Gout doesn’t go away when the pain of the gout attack goes away. The uric acid crystals remain in your joint unless you can keep your uric acid levels low long enough for them to dissolve.
Contact your healthcare provider if:
  • You have a gout attack. Don't wait to have another gout attack before you see your GP or nurse.
  • Your pain is getting worse.
  • You have a very high temperature (you feel hot and shivery).
  • You also feel sick or can't eat.

What causes gout?

Gout is caused by too much uric acid in your blood

  • Normally, your kidneys get rid of uric acid from your blood and flush it out of your body in your urine (pee).
  • Most Māori and Pasifika have genes that stop their kidneys getting rid of uric acid in their urine.
  • When your body isn’t able to get rid of the extra uric acid, uric acid crystals form in your joints and this causes a gout attack. Often, these crystals cause pain, inflammation and, lumps under the skin (called tophi – you say ‘toe-fy’).

How is gout diagnosed?

Your doctor can diagnose gout based on your symptoms and blood tests showing high levels of uric acid (usually above 0.36 mmol/L).  

In the early stages of gout, X-rays are not usually helpful in diagnosis, but in advanced gout X-rays can show any damage to your cartilage and bones. 

Your doctor and nurse can help you make a plan for you to take uric acid medicines to reduce your high levels of uric acid so you don’t get gout attacks and stay well. By working together, you can stop the stress and pain from gout attacks and get back to work and doing all the things you enjoy – spending time with whānau, going fishing, playing sport and taking part in community events. 

How are gout attacks treated?

Treatment for gout involves short-term pain medicines to treat the pain and inflammation of gout attacks and long-term uric acid medicines to reduce your uric acid levels. 

Short term gout attack medicines – to treat the pain of gout attacks

If you have a gout attack, contact your healthcare provider to get the medicine you need to get through the attack. If the right medicine is taken quickly, the attack can be controlled within 12–24 hours. Getting treatment early on can help you get back to your usual daily routine more quickly. Read more about medicines for gout. 

There are also things you can do to help relieve the pain when you’re having a gout attack:

  • Rest until your symptoms improve.
  • Raise the inflamed joint and put an ice pack or a bag of frozen peas (wrapped in a towel) on your joint.
  • Don’t exercise or put pressure on the joint during an attack.

Long term uric acid medicines – to bring uric acid down

Long-term medicine taken every day is often needed to lower your uric acid levels and keep them under 0.36mmol/L (or under 0.30mmol/L if you have tophi). It’s really important to keep taking long-term medicine, even if you feel well. If you stop taking uric acid medicine then the uric acid levels in your blood will increase and you will have another painful gout attack. By taking long-term medicine for gout, you can also lower your risk of heart disease or stroke. 

Uric acid medicines work to get your uric acid levels to below 0.36 mmol/L (or below 0.3 mmol/L if you have tophi). Regular blood tests can help to check if your uric acid levels are at the right levels to make sure you don’t get gout attacks again.

What happens if gout is left untreated?

If gout isn't treated, it can cause permanent damage to your joints and harm your kidneys. Attacks will happen again and again as your uric acid levels remain high. More and more uric acid crystals will end up in your joints and more joints will be affected. The natural padding between your bones will start to wear away because of all the crystals in your joints and your joints will become sore and stiff. Kidney stones can form and cause pain and damage to your kidneys.

Lumps (tophi) can grow under your skin on your joints as well as in your ears. These lumps cause joint damage and can affect how you can use  joints such as your fingers. Tophi may cause skin ulcers.

Learn more

Gout Ministry of Health, NZ
Gout arthritis Arthritis NZ
Gout support group Arthritis NZ, Facebook
Gout booklet - change your life English, Tongan, Samoan Health Literacy NZ, Ministry of Health NZ, PHARMAC NZ, 2022
Leni doesn't have gout attacks anymore English Samoan Tongan Health Literacy NZ, Health Navigator NZ, 2021
Out with gout – how to live a healthy life with gout Niuean Pharmac & Arthritis NZ, 2008

References

  1. An update on the management of gout BPAC, NZ 2013
  2. A conversation about gout BPAC, NZ 2014
  3. Gout NHS, UK 2020
  4. Winnard D, Wright C, Jackson G, Gow P, Kerr A, McLachlan A, Orr-Walker B, Dalbeth N. Gout, diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the Aotearoa New Zealand adult population – co-prevalence and implications for clinical practice NZ Med J. 2013;126(1368):53-64.
Credits: Health Navigator Editorial Team. Reviewed By: Professor Nicola Dalbeth, Rheumatologist, Auckland DHB and School of Medicine, University of Auckland Last reviewed: 26 Sep 2022