Gender dysphoria

On this page, you can find the following information:

• What is gender dysphoria?
• Why does gender dysphoria happen?
• What is intersex?
• How is gender dysphoria assessed?
• What transition and treatment options can help reduce gender dysphoria?
• What support is available for people with gender dysphoria?

Key points

1. Gender identity refers to an innate sense of who you are. This may be the same as or different from the sex that was assigned to you at birth. How you choose to express your gender identity varies from person to person.
2. Gender dysphoria is a term used to describe uncomfortable or distressing feelings that some people experience because the sex they were assigned at birth does not match their gender.
3. If you are transgender, or experience gender dysphoria, you may want to take steps to be recognised as your gender, rather than the sex you were assigned at birth. These steps may include changing your name, wearing clothes that affirm your gender, taking hormones, or having surgeries.
4. Sexual orientation is different to gender. It refers to who you are attracted to and may be described as heterosexual/straight, lesbian, gay, bisexual, pansexual, asexual, takatāpui, or using other terms. 
5. Gender diversity is a term to cover the range of possible gender identities, such as female, male, transgender, intersex, non-binary and takatāpui.
6. If you are unsure about your gender, or your child is unsure about theirs, there is support available to help you. 

What is gender dysphoria?

Gender dysphoria refers to the distress, anxiety or uncomfortable feelings some people experience due to being assigned a sex and gender that doesn’t match their own experience of themselves. Medical treatment to alleviate this distress is available for those who need it. 

Signs of gender dysphoria can appear at a young age. For example, a child may refuse to wear typical boys’ or girls’ clothes, or dislike taking part in typical boys’ or girls’ games and activities. Note that these behaviours are often a normal part of childhood development, but if they are persistent and consistent, it may be more than “just a stage”.

People with gender dysphoria can feel that their body doesn’t match their gender. They may have a strong desire to change, alter or remove physical signs of the sex they were assigned, such as facial hair or breasts. These feelings often become more intense during puberty, when the physical signs are changing most rapidly and are most outwardly apparent.

People with gender dysphoria may also experience distress about how they will be treated if they tell people close to them about their gender and may be concerned about the discrimination they may face if they do take steps to affirm their gender.

Why does gender dysphoria happen? 

Gender development is complex. There are many possible reasons why a person’s assigned sex differs from their gender, including factors related to physiology, the environment, and their personal experiences. Many transgender people don’t experience any distress related to their gender identity at all, whilst for others it can be really impacting.

What is intersex?

Babies can also be born as intersex. 'Intersex' is an umbrella term that refers to people born with one or more of a range of variations in sex characteristics that fall outside of traditional conceptions of male or female bodies. For example, intersex people may have variations in their chromosomes, genitals or internal organs like testes or ovaries. If a person has an intersex condition, they may be cisgender (agreeing with the sex they were assigned at birth) or transgender (not agreeing with the sex they were assigned at birth), or they may simply identify both their sex and gender as intersex. It is important to not make assumptions about this, but instead to let people define their own experiences.

When an intersex infant is born with ambiguous genitalia, they have historically been assigned as 'male' or 'female'’, and had surgeries performed to conform them to this assignment. However, this is not ethical practice. Intersex infants should never be operated on and should only receive surgeries if they elect to later in life.

How is gender dysphoria assessed?

The distress, uncomfortable feeling and/or anxiety associated with gender dysphoria may need to be treated. An assessment by a health professional will determine whether you have distress associated with gender dysphoria and will help clarify what your needs are (which are entirely individual and may change with time). The person talking with you (eg, a doctor or counsellor) will want to know:

• whether there's a clear difference between your assigned sex and your gender
• whether you have a strong desire to change your physical characteristics as a result of your gender dysphoria
• how you're coping with any difficulties you’re experiencing
• how your feelings and behaviours have developed over time
• what support you have, such as friends, family, support groups and your community.

The assessment may also involve a more general assessment of your physical and psychological health. 

Note: A doctor does not need to examine your genitals as part of this assessment. If they request a genital exam for any reason, they must discuss the reason with you, and ask for your consent or permission. You have the right to say no to this and to have your decision respected. You also have the right to have a support person or someone in the room with you during any examination. The doctor must record the medical purpose and result of the examination. Checking for general changes is not a medical reason and you can walk out of any appointment if you feel that you are being treated inappropriately. 

What transition and treatment options can help reduce gender dysphoria?  

Once your doctor or counsellor has talked with you, they will discuss with you what your goals are. The main aim of any treatment is to affirm your gender, support you and reduce the distress you are feeling, but you may have other goals as well.

Some people experiencing gender dysphoria may choose to 'transition'. Transitioning is a process that someone can choose to go through that aims to transition them from being seen as the sex they were assigned at birth to their innate or ‘affirmed’ gender. For many transgender people, transitioning eliminates or greatly reduces gender dysphoria. 

Transitioning can include: 

• ‘coming out’ to friends, family and others as transgender or as your innate or affirmed gender
• dressing and living in a way that expresses your innate or affirmed gender
• changing your name
• asking people to use different pronouns to describe you (for example he, she or they)
• having your gender changed on legal identification documents such as your birth certificate, passport or driver's licence
• taking puberty blockers – medication to delay physical changes associated with puberty
• taking hormones (oestrogen or testosterone)
• having surgeries to change your body
• having counselling to reduce distress, anxiety or other distressing feelings
• connecting with transgender community to build relationships, resilience and support
• connecting your family or friends with support, to help them understand and adjust. 

Psychological support

Gender dysphoria can cause a significant amount of distress, so counselling or psychotherapy can be really helpful. As a demographic or population, transgender people experience higher rates of mental health conditions due to elevated levels of stigma against them, and high rates of discrimination in education, housing, healthcare, employment, access to goods and services, participation in public social life and input into policy and legislative decisions that affect their lives.

Mental health conditions may include depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, alcohol or other drug use, or eating disorders. Counselling or psychotherapy can give you an opportunity to discuss your transition, your support system (including whānau and friends), and your treatment options, and ensure this is done as safely and comfortably as possible for you.  

Gender-affirming hormone therapies (hormone replacement therapy or HRT)

Gender-affirming hormone therapy creates a testosterone or oestrogen-dominated endocrine system (depending on what you want). It affects the appearance of secondary sex characteristics such as fat distribution, breast growth, deepening of your voice and hair growth. 

Service providers who can assist you to access hormone therapy include: 

• primary healthcare teams, such as your GP
• sexual health services
• youth health services
• hospital services, including paediatrics (child and youth health specialists) and endocrinologists (hormone specialists)
• community health services, including in-community clinics and health promotion services.

Availability and access to these services varies depending where in New Zealand you are located. Some of the national organisations listed on the support page will be able to help you find the most appropriate place nearest to you.

Note that prescribing of some medications such as cyproterone and testosterone is restricted in New Zealand and may require specialist sign off. 

The process of starting hormonal therapy includes assessing your readiness from a medical and psychosocial perspective. This is to ascertain that you know what to expect from your hormones (both good and bad) before you start, and that you have all the information and support you need to make a considered decision.

Gender-affirming surgeries

Gender-affirming surgeries include: 

• feminising breast augmentation for trans women
• masculinising chest reconstruction for trans men
• hysterectomy (removal of the uterus)
• salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes)
• orchidectomy (removal of testicles)
• facial feminisation
• laryngeal shave (reducing the size of the Adam’s apple)
• masculinising and feminising gender affirming genital surgery. 

Availability of these surgeries (except for genital surgery) will depend upon the surgical expertise and capacity within your district health board (DHB) and the clinical priority given to your surgery. 

The Ministry of Health has funded a limited number of gender affirming genital surgery since 2005, through its High Cost Treatment Pool. Surgeries have been provided in the private sector in New Zealand or overseas. There is currently a long waiting list for the surgery. 

If you wish to access this surgery, discuss this with your DHB specialist. If you are not currently under the care of a specialist, then discuss this with your GP, who can make a referral to an appropriate specialist. 

Voice therapy

Voice therapy can help you train your voice to achieve a pitch and communication style that feels right for you. Ask your doctor if there is any funded voice therapy option in your region, or talk with one of the support organisations listed below about seeking funding through Work and Income NZ.

Are there any risks or problems associated with surgery or hormone therapy?

Most people are happy with the results. A recent review of 27 studies was carried out by Bustos and colleagues. They found a less than 1% regret rate following gender-affirming surgery.

However, as with any medication or surgical procedure, there can be problems. All operations can have complications and hormone treatment also comes with some risks. Hormone therapy may produce complex changes that you'll need to consider, including changes to your fertility and sexuality. You may want to investigate or talk to your doctor about fertility preservation (like freezing sperm or eggs) before you start hormone treatment.  

Hormone therapy can also cause other health problems including:

• blood clots
• abnormal cholesterol levels
• high blood pressure
• type 2 diabetes
• cardiovascular disease
• stroke.

It’s important to discuss these with your specialist so you can make informed decisions, taking into account the risks and the benefits. It can also help to speak with others who have experienced gender dysphoria – they will be able to tell you what it was like from a personal perspective. Find out where a local support group is, or contact one of the national support agencies listed below. 

What support is available for people with gender dysphoria?

Gender Minorities Aotearoa Gender Minorities Aotearoa is a cross-cultural, transgender-led organisation that operates on a kaupapa Māori public health framework. Its activities include research, providing information and resources, advocacy, education and training, operating services for gender minorities and providing support for takataapui, transgender and intersex people, and referrals to other services.
Transgender and Intersex NZ The Facebook group is the largest online transgender community support group with a New Zealand-based membership. This group is primarily for sharing information between people of diverse genders and sex characteristics, and has a secondary focus on supporting parents and whānau as well as those who work with trans people and supportive others.
Hauora tahine – pathways to transgender healthcare Secondary services that provide gender-affirming healthcare for transgender and gender diverse people across the Northern Region DHBS (Northland, Waitemata, Auckland and Counties Manukau).
Intersex Youth Aotearoa (IYA) Intersex Youth Aotearoa is a place for all people with intersex variations/DSD, and their whānau and friends to share information, find support and network with each other.
New Zealand Parents and Guardians of Transgender and Gender Diverse Children (NZPOTC) is a parent-led group where you can find the information, guidance, advice and companionship to help you and your family/whānau safely and happily navigate your journey, knowing you are never alone. 
Naming NZ An organisation to help transgender, gender diverse and intersex youth with updating identity documents to correctly reflect their sex and gender. 
A printable card to help transgender people with communicating their preferred names and pronouns.

For a full list of national and local support groups, see gender diversity support organisations

Learn more

The following links provide further information about gender diversity. Be aware that websites from other countries may have information that differs from New Zealand recommendations. 

Gender identity Common Ground, NZ
Families of gender diverse children and young people Families Like Mine, BeyondBlue, Australia
Breaking through the binary – gender explained using continuums itspronouncedmetersexual.com
Find information and services Gender Minorities Aotearoa
Hormone replacement therapy Transgender NZ Issue 1, Gender Minorities Aotearoa, 2017
Wellbeing and mental health among rainbow New Zealanders HPA, NZ
Let's talk – a resource guide for parents Outline, NZ
Counting ourselves community report Counting Ourselves, NZ 
Trans and non-binary inclusive workplaces – a guide for employers and employees Outline, NZ

References

1. Trans and gender diverse people Better Health, Australia, 2018
2. Transgender New Zealanders Ministry of Health, NZ, 2017
3. Gender dysphoria NHS Choices, UK, 2016
4. Gender dysphoria Mental Health Foundation, NZ, 2015
5. Health care for transgender New Zealanders Ministry of Health, NZ, 2018
6. Gender dysphoria Patient Info, UK, 2018
7. What we know project Cornell University, US, 2018
8. Feminising hormone therapy Mayo Clinic, US, 2021
9. Bustos VP, Bustos SS, Mascaro A, Del Corrall G, Forte AJ, CiudadP, et al. Regret after gender-affirming surgery – a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2021;9:23477.