Dementia | Mate korongenge

Dementia (mate korongenge or mate wareware) is a term used to describe symptoms that occur when there is a decline in brain function. This may include problems with memory, thinking, behaviour and the ability to perform daily tasks. If you're becoming increasingly forgetful, particularly if you're over the age of 65, it may be a good idea to talk to your GP about the early signs of dementia.

On this page, you can find the following information:

Key points about dementia

  1. Dementia occurs as a result of damage to brain cells. The symptoms that develop depend on the areas of your brain that have been damaged. It is progressive, meaning the symptoms gradually get worse over time.
  2. Dementia is more common in people over 65, but it is not a normal part of ageing. Māori and Pasifika people have higher rates of dementia than Pākehā. In te reo Māori, dementia is known as mate wareware.
  3. There are a number of different types of dementia. The most common is Alzheimer’s disease.
  4. Treatment depends on the symptoms, diagnosis and cause of the dementia. Medication cannot cure dementia or repair brain damage. However, it may improve symptoms or slow down the disease for a short period of time.
  5. An early diagnosis can help you to get the most benefit from treatment. It also helps you to plan for the future and get the right support and advice.

(Alzheimers NZ, 2016)

What is dementia?

Dementia describes a group of related symptoms resulting from an ongoing decline of your brain. 

It may include problems with:

  • memory
  • thinking speed
  • language
  • understanding.

As these symptoms progressively get worse, they can make it difficult for you to carry out your normal daily activities. 

What are the different types of dementia?

There are a number of different types of dementia. The most common is Alzheimer’s disease, which affects about 60% of people with dementia. Other types of dementia are vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia and fronto-temporal dementia. You may also be diagnosed with have ‘mixed’ dementia, eg, a mixture of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia.

Early onset dementia (or young onset dementia) describes dementia that occurs in people under 65 years of age. About 5% of people who develop dementia have early onset dementia. 

What causes dementia?

Dementia is due to damage and eventual death of cells in the brain. This may be caused by injury, damage to your brain's blood vessels from diabetes, smoking or a stroke, or damage from toxins such as alcohol. Once cells die, they are not replaced. 

Most dementia is not inherited. However, in rarer types of dementia there may be a strong genetic link, but these are only a tiny proportion of overall cases of dementia.

Who is at risk of getting dementia?

The older you are, the greater your chance of getting dementia. Most people are over 65 when diagnosed, although some younger people have early onset dementia.

There are some groups of people who are known to have a higher risk of developing dementia. These include people with:

  • Down syndrome or other learning disabilities
  • Parkinson's disease
  • risk factors for cardiovascular disease (such as angina, heart attack, stroke and peripheral arterial disease)
  • a history of drinking excess alcohol
  • a family history of dementia
  • a history of a head injury
  • mental health conditions such as schizophrenia or severe depression
  • low physical activity levels. 

What are the symptoms of dementia? 

Dementia symptoms affect 3 main areas: 

  • mental ability
  • mood, personality and behaviour
  • day-to-day activities.

So symptoms usually include forgetting things, repeating questions, not remembering appointments, forgetting people’s names, forgetting the names of objects, not being able to plan the steps to do everyday tasks such as making a meal.

How is dementia diagnosed? 

If you or someone you care for are becoming increasingly forgetful, it may be a good idea to talk to your GP about the early signs of dementia. Your doctor will do some simple memory tests and refer you for further assessment if needed. 

Getting an early diagnosis can be a great help. Knowing what is going on means you will be able to plan ahead and get the support you need. 

What is the treatment for dementia?

Although there is no cure for dementia, there are a number of treatments, including:

  • lifestyle changes
  • cognitive stimulation therapy
  • treating heart risk factors
  • medication
  • mind and memory-based activities.

Lifestyle changes 

There's no sure way to prevent dementia, but there are steps you can take that might help. Including the following in your day-to-day might be beneficial: 

  • getting regular exercise
  • avoiding or reducing alcohol and other substance use
  • eating a healthy diet
  • getting enough sleep. 

Treat heart risk factors

Management of heart risk factors may benefit all types of dementia. Generally, what is good for your heart is good for your brain. Read about heart risk assessment.

Whānau support

Māori understandings of mate wareware differ from the main Western conceptions of dementia. Whānau are generally inclusive of their whānau member’s changes in their daily functioning and new emerging behaviours. Whānau are crucial for the care of a kaumātua (older person) with mate wareware, so they need to be included in treatment discussions and decisions, along with the person with mate wareware.

Te oranga wairua (spiritual wellbeing) has been identified as central to Māori thinking about health, and effective care for someone with mate wareware must therefore include cultural practices to strengthen wairua of the whole whānau.

Read more about understanding and learning about mate wareware from a Māori perspective. 

Medication

There are medicines that can help some people with the symptoms of forgetfulness and improve their ability to think more clearly in the earlier stages. Medicines do not cure dementia and they may only work for some people. The aims of treatment are to promote independence, maintain function and treat symptoms. These medicines fall into 2 categories:

  • cholinesterase inhibitors (such as donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine)
  • memantine.

These work by enhancing the levels of a chemical in the brain (called acetylcholine), that is involved in memory and judgment. Read more about medicines for dementia.

Your doctor will also review any other medicines you are taking to check that they are not contributing to any dementia-like symptoms. 

Mind and memory-based activities

These could include:

  • cognitive rehabilitation, where a health professional helps you achieve a goal such as learning to use a mobile phone
  • life story work, where you use a scrapbook, photo album or electronic app to remember and record details of your life
  • music and creative arts therapies to keep your brain active and help you express your emotions
  • complementary therapies such as aromatherapy, massage or bright light stimulation – discuss these with your doctor beforehand
  • doing brain exercises and practicing memory strategies. 

Cognitive stimulation therapy

Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) is a structured group treatment developed for people with mild to moderate dementia. It consists of 14 sessions with a range of activities and discussions aimed at general enhancement of mental and social functioning. The sessions actively engage people with dementia, providing an optimal learning environment and the social benefits of being part of a group. CST has been found to be an acceptable psychological therapy for older people with a clinical diagnosis of mild to moderate dementia.

Self-care for dementia

Care planning meeting 

Plan ahead so that you have more say in your future. Arrange a meeting (or get someone else to do it) with all the people involved in your care. This may include your carer, family/whānau members, or your practice nurse or GP.

Agree on a care plan to support you to stay as well as possible for as long as possible. This might include:

  • having a driving assessment
  • arranging enduring power of attorney
  • writing or updating your will
  • developing an advance care plan
  • accessing services to help you stay independent for as long as possible
  • learning about your condition.

Having a driving assessment

Driving requires quick reflexes and decision making. Having a driving assessment will help you work out whether it is safe for you to continue driving for now, and if not, how you will manage without driving. Read more about dementia and driving.

Arranging enduring power of attorney

Having an Enduring Power of Attorney (EPA) means you can have peace of mind that you have decided, ahead of time, who you trust to make decisions for you if you can’t decide for yourself. Read more about enduring power of attorney. 

Writing or updating your will

A will sets out your wishes in terms of who to leave your possessions and money to and states who you would like to carry out your wishes. It can include special instructions for a funeral. If you don’t have a will, it could also put your family into legal and financial difficulties. Learn more about making a will.

Developing an advance care plan

An advance care plan is a way to record your wishes in terms of current and future medical care. It is an ongoing process of talking with those closest to you and getting information to help you make decisions about your care. It can include end of life planning. Read more about advance care planning. 

Accessing services

Find out about services early on that can help you and help your carer to support you. Start with a free half hour consultation with an Alzheimer's NZ senior trustee at the Public Trust. This is available to discuss things that are related to estate planning. Freephone 0800 156 015 to book.

Westpac offers dementia friendly banking. 

Learning about your condition

Learning about dementia can help you plan for the future as well as stay independent for as long as possible. See these resources and videos and other links under Learn more below.

Supporting someone with dementia to remain engaged

People with dementia can easily become socially isolated which is hard for them and for their carers. Keeping them active and taking part in the right activities for them is important for their wellbeing, and in some cases can help slow the progression of the disease.

Here are some things to consider when planning activities:

  • Think about the setting – Avoid noisy places, big crowds or places with lots of movement as this can make people with dementia feel nervous, unsure and sometimes upset. Find an activity that has a good balance between calmness and stimulation so that they are engaged without feeling overwhelmed.
  • Keep up their previous interests – A person with dementia is still the same person they once were, despite changes in their memory and behaviour. Try an activity they used to like doing or were interested in. Taking part in something familiar that they used to enjoy can make them feel happy. It may even reignite some memories. For example, if they loved walking, go for a walk on the beach or at a park, or if they loved art, join an art class with people their age. Remember, what’s important is enjoying the moment, even if they can’t remember it later.
  • Make them feel useful – Doing something that reinforces a past role or enables them to achieve something physically is beneficial. For example, folding or hanging out the washing provides a sense of achievement and encourages family bonds. Focus on doing 1 task at a time and break it down into manageable steps. 
  • Take your time – Don’t rush a person living with dementia. Don’t focus on completing an activity or finishing something, just enjoy the process of getting involved and taking part. If the person feels under pressure, it may put them off and stop them from giving something a go.

Support for dementia

A wide range of support organisations and services is there to help you. 

Phone support 0800 004 001 Alzheimers NZ

See our page For carers of people with dementia.

Learn more

Understanding mate wareware from a Māori perspective Mate wareware, NZ
Information and support Alzheimer's NZ
Information sheets Dementia NZ
About dementia Dementia Australia
Dementia NHS Choices, UK, 2017
Scared but not prepared – dementia survey Public Trust, NZ, 2019
Dementia and the Arts: Sharing Practice, Developing Understanding and Enhancing Lives Future Learn Online Course (paid) 2 hours a week for 4 weeks

References

  1. Memory loss and dementia Patient Info, UK, 2017
  2. Can dementia be prevented? NHS, UK, 2017
  3. Cognitive stimulation therapy – a New Zealand pilot Te Pou, NZ, 2014
  4. The dementia guide Alzheimer’s Society, UK, 2017
  5. Dudley M, Menzies O, Elder H, Nathan L, Garrett N, Wilson D. Mate wareware – understanding ‘dementia’ from a Māori perspective NZ Med J. 2019 Oct 4;132(1503).
  6. Is dementia hereditary? Alzheimer's Society, UK

Reviewed by

Dr Helen Kenealy is a geriatrician and general physician working at Counties Manukau DHB. She has a broad range of interests and has worked in a variety of settings including inpatient rehabilitation, orthgeriatrics and community geriatrics.
Credits: Health Navigator Editorial Team. Reviewed By: Dr Helen Kenealy, geriatrician and general physician, CMDHB Last reviewed: 18 Nov 2019